Conflicting Christian approaches to Culture is not a new phenomenon. The Hebrews themselves struggled with the issue even though as a theocracy, religion and culture were theoretically inseparable in the nation of Israel. Even so, more often than not the Hebrews failed to relate biblically to the nations around them, and their perpetual syncretism led to their eventual demise.
With the birth of the church, however, biblical religion and national identify became distinct, and thus the struggle of how to relate to culture entered a new and perhaps more difficult phase. The story of this struggle provides the historical material in which different Christian approaches to culture find their justification. Thus a brief survey of this struggle will set a discussion of these approaches in their proper historical context.
Likely one of the most influential works to articulate the different Christian approaches to culture is H. Richard Niebuhr’s monumental Christ and Culture.1
Niebuhr names five “ideal types” that have become standard in such discussions: Christ against culture, the Christ of culture, Christ above culture, Christ and culture in paradox, and Christ the transformer of culture. His second type is outside the bonds of this series since it essentially assumes that Christianity itself is merely a product of culture. This leaves four evangelical types, which summarize the general positions to be explored in this section. Christ against culture represents the most extreme position and will characterize the radical reformers and their grandchildren. The opposite extreme is Christ above culture, which is essentially the Christendom position detailed next week. In the middle are the two predominant views that have come to characterize post-Christendom Protestantism: Christ and culture in paradox and Christ the transformer of culture. In the first category Niebuhr lists Martin Luther, and this type describes what has come to be generally called the two-kingdom doctrine; in the second he includes Augustine and John Calvin, a position known more commonly as the transformationalist view. As the discussion next week will reveal, these categorizations are often debated, yet the types do provide helpful descriptions of what occurred historically. Post-Christendom Evangelical approaches to culture are largely a debate between the two-kingdom advocates and the transformationalists.
Next week, I’ll provide a brief historical sketch of these approaches to culture.
About Scott Aniol
Scott Aniol is the founder and Executive Director of Religious Affections Ministries. He is director of doctoral worship studies at Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, where he teaches courses in ministry, worship, hymnology, aesthetics, culture, and philosophy. He is the author of Worship in Song: A Biblical Approach to Music and Worship, Sound Worship: A Guide to Making Musical Choices in a Noisy World, and By the Waters of Babylon: Worship in a Post-Christian Culture, and speaks around the country in churches and conferences. He is an elder in his church in Fort Worth, TX where he resides with his wife and four children. Views posted here are his own and not necessarily those of his employer.
- H. Richard Niebuhr, Christ and Culture (Harper & Row, 1975). Books interacting with Niebuhr include Klass Schilder, Christ and Culture (Winnipeg: Premier, 1977); Charles Scriven, The Transformation of Culture: Christian Social Ethics After H. Richard Niebuhr (Harrisonburg, VA: Herald Press, 1988); John Howard Yoder, Glen Harold Stassen, and Dianne M. Yeager, Authentic Transformation: A New Vision of Christ and Culture (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1995); Angus J. L. Menuge, ed., Christ and Culture in Dialogue: Constructive Themes and Practical Applications (Concordia Publishing House, 1999); Duane K. Friesen, Artists, Citizens, Philosophers: Seeking the Peace of the City: An Anabaptist Theology of Culture (Harrisonburg, VA: Herald Press, 2000); Graham Ward, Christ and Culture, 1st ed. (Hobeken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 2005); Craig A. Carter, Rethinking Christ and Culture: A Post-Christendom Perspective (Grand Rapids: Brazos Press, 2007); D. A Carson, Christ and Culture Revisited (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2008); Andy Crouch, Culture Making: Recovering Our Creative Calling (Downers Grove: Intervarsity Press, 2008); Kary Oberbrunner, The Fine Line: Re-envisioning the Gap Between Christ and Culture (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2008); Jr. John G. Stackhouse, Making the Best of It: Following Christ in the Real World (London: Oxford University Press, 2008); David VanDrunen, Living in God’s Two Kingdoms: A Biblical Vision for Christianity and Culture (Wheaton: Crossway, 2010). [↩]